Bad news for users, shrouded in the poison dart of Apple's security concern. This is what is causing them, progressively, to put more trouble so that a Mac can boot from an external backup, in case the internal hard drive fails.
These are not rumors. It was written by Bombich Software founder Mike Bombich, creators of Carbon Copy Cloner, one of the go-to utilities when making backup copies of boot disks.
According to information provided by Apple, they do not believe that this type of backup will continue to be done in the future.
Already at present, they have encountered several difficulties to develop new versions of their software: the first is that, starting with macOS Big Sur, macOS resides in a »System volume with cryptographic signature«, which can only be copied by Apple Software Restore.
Attempts to get third-party applications (such as Carbon Copy Cloner) to use Apple Software Restorer for backup have failed without explanation (for now).
Another difficulty is Apple Fabric, a storage system that uses different encryption keys for each file.
According to Apple wrote in a document on product security, localized by Bombich, the boot process on Mac with Apple Silicon is always facilitated by a volume in the internal memory. The operating system on that volume evaluates the integrity of the startup disk and authenticates the operating system on external devices before allowing the computer to start.
This means that Macs with Apple Silicon will not be able to boot if the internal memory fails.
Think back to the whole backup strategy if you find that full copies of the operating system on external drives may not work and if it is impossible to boot a Mac with Apple Silicon if the SSD storage drives are damaged.
Much more, with all sorts of explanations, on the Bombich blog
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